[Image: Cropped map of 1871–1914 Europe; Text: Irish-Danish-German Heritage]

(Europe, 1871–1914)

Castle Garden Emigrant Landing Depot

Irish–Danish–German Heritage

Introduction

Between 1855 and 1890, New York state operated America’s first immigration station: Castle Garden Emigrant Landing Depot in Manhattan, New York, New York, in the northeastern United States.

Relevant immigrants:

Relevant ships:

Relevant articles:

Gates of Castle Garden, Unknown date
[Image: Men walking out of Castle Garden main building]
Castle Clinton National Monument (Castle Garden), New York, New York, United States, 2009
[Image: Castle Clinton National Monument]

Source: Reproduced from licensed photograph by Afshin Darian, “Castle Clinton,” 11 December 2009, https://www.flickr.com/photos/7880512@N06/4177802736; image used under Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Generic license.

Note: In 1817, the West Battery / South West Battery was renamed Castle Clinton for Dewitt Clinton (1769–1828), New York City mayor and New York governor, and it has been the restored Castle Clinton National Monument since 1975 (History & Culture).

Interactive map of modern Castle Clinton National Monument (Castle Garden), New York, New York, United States

Before Castle Garden was an immigration station, it was a federal fort and then an entertainment complex. Afterwards, it housed the New York City Aquarium.

Below is a timeline of the emigration-depot years of 1855–1890:

Timeline of Castle Garden Emigrant Landing Depot
DateEventSource
  • aThe 1882 Immigration Act allowed the levying of a fifty-cent immigrant head-tax on shipping companies (to help pay for immigration regulation) and the barring of convicts, lunatics, idiots, and those who would be a burden on society (United States Congress 1883, 214).
5 May 1847Board of the Commissioners of Emigration of the State of New York createdKapp 1870, 86; Svejda 1968, (PDF) 21
1853–1872Battery Park enlarged by landfills, by 1855 Castle Garden’s artificial island had been connected to Manhattan properBattery Park; Historic Timeline of the Battery; Timeline, section 1850
5 May 1855New York City leased Castle Garden to Commissioners of Emigration of the State of New YorkKapp 1870, 108; Svejda 1968, (PDF) 35
1 August 1855Castle Garden Emigrant Landing Depot openedAksamit 2000; Kapp 1870, 108; Svejda 1968, (PDF) 35
3 August 18553 ships released from quarantine, first immigrants processed at Castle GardenAksamit 2000; Svejda 1968, (PDF) 44
9 July 1876Fire destroyed most of Castle GardenSvejda 1968, (PDF) 99–100
27 November 1876Castle Garden rebuilt and operationalSvejda 1968, (PDF) 104
5 September 1882 and finalized ca. 27 September 1883U.S. Treasury Department contracts with Commissioners of Emigration of the State of New York for collecting head tax on immigrants and turning away undesirables per the 1882 Immigration ActaSvejda 1968, (PDF) 110, 117
1887–1890Federal investigations of Castle Garden for possible corruption, mistreatment of immigrants, and unsatisfactory performance due to increased volume of arrivalsSvejda 1968, (PDF) 126–139
18 April 1890Castle Garden closed as immigration centerHistoric Timeline of the Battery; History & Culture; Svejda 1968, (PDF) 143

Over 8 million immigrants passed through Castle Garden during those 34 years (Historic Timeline of the Battery, History & Culture).

The table below shows the ethnic breakdown of the 9,639,635 immigrants for most of the 43 years of the Board of the Commissioners of Emigration of the State of New York:

[Ethnic distribution of immigrants through Port of New York, 5 May 1847–31 December 1889]

Source: Reprinted from table in Svejda 1968, (PDF) 144–145; citing Annual Report of the Commissioners of Emigration of the State of New York, For the Year Ending December 31st, 1889. Transmitted to the Legislature March 12th, 1890 (New York: Manhattan Printing and Publishing Co., 1890), 7; caption, brackets, and emphasis added.

Note: The date range of 5 May 1847–31 December 1889 is the period of the Commissioners of Emigration through the last full year, so it includes pre–Castle Garden 5 May 1847–2 August 1855 and excludes 1 January–18 April 1890.

Germany3,425,208
Ireland2,541,148
England1,178,157
Sweden325,851
Italy317,192
Scotland277,766
Russia224,559
Norway173,041
Switzerland172,780
France170,320
Hungary134,746
Denmark123,933
Austria109,632
Holland89,381
Bohemia [Czech]76,457
Wales60,033
Belgium29,869
Spain19,215
Poland18,244
China3,151
Portugal2,295
Greece2,044
Turkey1,834
Australia606
All other countries162,173
Total9,639,635

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Pictures

The following pictures show Castle Garden and Battery Park in southern Manhattan, New York, as they appeared during the immigration years (1855–1890) (for more, see the on-site articles):

Newly-arrived emigrants at Castle Garden, New York City [1865]
[Image: immigrants]
The Labor Exchange—Emigrants on the Battery in Front of Castle Garden, New York. /
The Labor Exchange—Interior View of the Office at Castle Garden, New York [1868].
[Image: Immigrants standing and lying on ground outside of Castle Garden; immigrants crowded inside Castle Garden]

Source: Reproduced from image of magazine page with wood engravings based on sketches by Stanley Fox, The Labor Exchange—Emigrants on the Battery in Front of Castle Garden, New York and The Labor Exchange—Interior View of the Office at Castle Garden, New York, in Harper’s Weekly, 15 August 1868, 516, http://www.loc.gov/item/90709503/; image straightened and cropped of black background, captions in the original.

Note: The Labor Exchange replaced the Castle Garden employment office in 1867 (Timeline, section 1850, http://castlegarden.org/timeline.php?q=1850).

Emigrants at Castle Garden—Runners and Crimps at Work—A Characteristic Group [1868].
[Image: People standing outside of Castle Garden Labor Exchange]

Source: Reproduced from image of engraving, Emigrants at Castle Garden—Runners and Crimps at Work—A Characteristic Group, in Frank Leslie’s Illustrated Newspaper, 24 October 1868, http://digitalcollections.nypl.org/items/510d47e1-0f56-a3d9-e040-e00a18064a99; image straightened and cropped of background, caption in the original.

Note: Runners solicited patrons, often unscrupulously, for boarding houses, trains, etc., and might rob people. Crimps shanghaied men into becoming sailors and swindled people. The Labor Exchange replaced the Castle Garden employment office in 1867 (Timeline, section 1850, http://castlegarden.org/timeline.php?q=1850).

Castle Garden Landing for Emigrants, Barge Office, Battery [ca. 1869].
[Image: Castle Garden]

Source: Reproduced from image of engraving by Charles Magnus, Castle Garden Landing for Emigrants, Barge Office, Battery, part of 100 Views of New York and Environs, ca. 1869, http://digitalcollections.nypl.org/items/510d47e1-0c28-a3d9-e040-e00a18064a99; image straightened and cropped of background, caption in the original.

Note: The tower in the background, to the left (south-southeast) of Castle Garden, is the Barge Office, which replaced Castle Garden in 1890 until Ellis Island opened in 1892.

View of the Commodious Barge provided by the Erie Railway Company for the transfer of Emigrants and their Luggage from Castle Garden to the Erie Railway Depot [1874].
[Image: Immigrants at Castle Garden boarding barge on busy harbor side of depot]

Source: Reproduced from image of engraving, View of the Commodious Barge Provided by the Erie Railway Company for the Transfer of Emigrants and Their Luggage from Castle Garden to the Erie Railway Depot, in Erie Railway Company 1874, 33; image straightened, caption in the original.

Note: The signs on the barge say in English and German “Erie Railway Emigrant Transfer,” “Erie Eisenbahn Einwanderer Beförderung” [better translation: Auswanderer ‘emigrant’, or use immigrant instead of emigrant for Einwanderer], “From Castle Garden to Erie Railway,” “Castle Garden nach der Erie Eisenbahn,” and, in English, “Cleveland Cincinnati Louisville S. San Francisco” and “Detroit St. Louis Chicago St. P[au]l.”

The ferry service was free of charge (Erie Railway Company 1874, 28). Mott 1899 describes the service as “a commodious emigrant barge direct from Castle Garden to the Erie immigrant station and trains at Jersey City [New Jersey]” and implies that the service began in 1873 (428).

Map of the City of New York
Showing the location of the Freight and Passenger Stations, Ferries, Street Car Lines, Offices, Terminal facilities & Connections of the
Erie Railway
and the
Ocean Steamship Lines
[1874].
Full
[Image: Map of Manhattan, New York, and Jersey City and Hoboken, New Jersey]
Close-up
[Image: Close-up of Erie ferry route on map of Manhattan, New York, and Jersey City, New Jersey]

Source: Reproduced from image of map, Map of the City of New York Showing the Location of the Freight and Passenger Stations, Ferries, Street Car Lines, Offices, Terminal Facilities & Connections of the Erie Railway and the Ocean Steamship Lines, in Erie Railway Company 1874, 34); caption in the original.

Note: The ferry service was free of charge (Erie Railway Company 1874, 28). Mott (1899) describes the service as “a commodious emigrant barge direct from Castle Garden to the Erie immigrant station and trains at Jersey City [New Jersey]” and implies that the service began in 1873 (428).

Castle Garden in Pictures of New York Life & Character, 1878
[Image: Immigrants of various ethnicities at Castle Garden]
New York City—Mormon Emigrants Landing on the Wharf at Castle Garden from Ocean Steamers [1878].
[Image: Immigrants disembarking to wharf]
German Emigrants to Salt Lake City, at Castle Garden, New York [ca. 1879].
[Image: Line of immigrants inside Castle Garden]

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Castle Garden and Liberty Statue, N. Y. [ca. 1880].
Full
[Image: Castle Garden, looking out into New York Bay to Statue of Liberty]
Close-up
[Image: Close-up]
Immigrants Landing at Castle Garden [1880].
[Image: Crowd of disembarked immigrants]
New York City.—Merrymaking of Newly-Arrived Immigrants at Castle Garden—Joining in a National Dance [1882].
[Image: Immigrants dancing to concertina player]
The Battery—1886—Castle Garden [1886]
[Image: Castle Garden and New York Harbor]
Castle Garden, New York, Showing Bartholdi’s Statue of Liberty [1887].
Full
[Image: People in park outside Castle Garden, looking out into New York Bay to Statue of Liberty]
Close-up
[Image: Close-up of people in park outside Castle Garden, one drinking from fountain]

Source: Reproduced from image of chromolithograph of painting by Andrew Melrose, Castle Garden, New York, Showing Bartholdi’s Statue of Liberty (London: Raphael Tuck & Sons, 1887), http://www.loc.gov/item/92516023/; image cropped of background, main caption in the original image (caption on painting: “Castle Garden, New York”).

Note: Castle Garden Emigrant Landing Station is visible in the full painting at far right middle. French sculptor Frédéric-Auguste Bartholdi (1834–1904) designed the Statue of Liberty. Text at bottom right of full image:

The famous old building known as Castle Garden standing on the seaverge of the Battery, is used as a station for immigrants. Bowling Green, the Cradle of New York, is just north of the Battery; in the times of the Dutch it was the Court end of the town and was surrounded by the best houses; across the river is Jersey city.

Let the hunter seek the mountain
The rich tourist cross the sea,
But the green midsummer beauty
Of the Battery for me·—

Battery and Castle Garden, New York City [bet. 1890 and 1897].
Full
[Image: Castle Garden, with New York Bay and Statue of Liberty behind]
Close-up
[Image: Close-up of castle Garden, with New York Bay and Statue of Liberty behind]

Source: Reproduced from photograph by William Henry Jackson, “Battery and Castle Garden, New York City,” between 1890 and 1897 (Detroit, MI: Detroit Publishing Co.), http://www.loc.gov/item/det1994022862/PP/; image straightened and cropped of white border, main caption in the original.

Note: For scale, see the people at the bottom of the close-up, left of center.

Where the Blame Lies [1891].
[Image: Caricatures of immigrants outside Castle Garden, scowling Uncle Sam, and Judge character]

Source: Reproduced from image of chromolithograph by Grant E. Hamilton, Where the Blame Lies, in Judge, 4 April 1891, 458–459, http://www.loc.gov/item/97515495/; image straightened and cropped of background.

Note:

On paper:

  • “Mafia in New Orleans”
  • “Anarchists in Chicago”
  • “Socialists in New York”

Labels on immigrant caricatures:

  • “Irish Pauper”
  • “Polish Vagabond”
  • “German Socialist”
  • “Russian Anarchist”
  • “Italian Brigand”
  • “Italian Vagabond”
  • “English Convict”

Caption at bottom:

Judge (to Uncle Sam)—“If Immigration was properly Restricted you would n[o long]er be troubled with Anarchy, Socialism, the Mafia and such kindred evils!”

The following two photographs from the aquarium period (1896–1941) show the interior of the building with added pools for aquarium animals:

Interior of New York Aquarium [unknown date]
[Image: Castle Garden rotunda and aquarium pools]
New York Aquarium Main Floor [ca. 1919]
[Image: Castle Garden rotunda and aquarium pools]

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Rules and regulations

Rules and Regulations: Emigrant Landing Depot, Castle Garden.

I.—Emigrants.

1. All emigrant passengers arriving at the Port of New York, and their luggage, after being checked, must be landed at the Emigrant Landing Depot, Castle Garden, free of expense. Passengers are earnestly requested to take personal charge of all their property not checked.

2. After landing, the passengers will be examined for the purpose of ascertaining if any are liable to be bonded, or in such condition of health as to require hospital care, and will then be assembled in the enclosure, and the name, occupation, age, birthplace, and destination of each, with other necessary particulars, recorded.

3. Emigrants desiring to take any Railroad or Steamboat route for which tickets are sold in this Depot, will communicate with the officers of the Railroad Agency, and select such route as they prefer. The agent of said route shall be required to transport such emigrants and their luggage to the Railroad Depot or Steamboat Landing, by water conveyance when feasible, by land when not, but in either case free of charge.

4. Before the removal of luggage of emigrants having bought tickets of the Railroad Agency, the same shall be weighed, and each piece labelled and checked to its place of destination, with a common number for all the pieces of luggage of any one passenger, and a proper check given to the owner, setting forth, in ink, the number of his luggage ticket, the number of pieces of luggage, the gross weight, the overweight, and the charge he is liable to for its transportation to the point of destination ; which check shall be signed in ink as a receipt for the luggage by an authorized representative of the Railroad Agency.

5. The names of all emigrants expected by friends and relatives will be announced, and all answering to their name will be transferred to such friends and relatives as may be waiting for them.

6. The galleries and floor of the Depot will be open for the free use of recently arrived emigrants, until ready to take their departure ; and they are requested to make use of the wash-rooms before leaving the premises.

7. Emigrants desiring board and lodging are advised to communicate with the keepers of boarding-houses having permission in this Depot, and who will be allowed on the floor for this purpose. Every boarding-house keeper, when soliciting an emigrant for his house, must hand such emigrant a card, setting forth his name and residence, the prices, in gold and paper money, of board and lodging, by the day and week, and for single meals and night’s lodging.

8. Emigrants wishing to buy food can purchase at the bread stands and restaurant in the Depot at prescribed rates, as stated on cards at such stands.

9. Emigrants remaining in the city of New York or vicinity must defray the expense of removing their luggage from the Depot, and are informed that for this purpose a Baggage Express is admitted to the Depot.

10. Emigrants seeking employment are requested to apply to the Superintendent of Labor, and to make use of the Labor Exchange attached to the Depot.

11. Emigrants desiring desiring to deposit money or valuables over night are advised to do so in the office of the General Agent and Superintendent, who will give a receipt therefor. Employees are forbidden to take charge of such money or valuables of emigrants, unless the same be handed them after business hours ; in which case report shall be made as soon as possible to the General Agent.

II.—Boarding-house keepers.

Boarding-house Keepers, having permission to enter the Landing Depot to solicit Boarders, must observe the following Rules :

12. Every Boarding-house Keeper must wear his badge in a conspicuous place on his breast when entering the Depot, and keep it so exposed while in the premises.

13. Every Boarding-house Keeper must present to passengers, when soliciting such passengers for his house, a card setting forth his name and residence, and the prices in gold and paper money charged for board and lodging by the day and week, and for each meal and night’s lodging ; and he must also furnish emigrants with a bill setting forth all charges incurred for board, etc., before receiving pay therefor ; and must make to this department a daily return of all passengers taken out of the Depot.

14. Boarding-house Keepers are required to direct to this Depot emigrants wishing to communicate with their friends, or seeking employment, or desiring advances on luggage.

15. Every Boarding-house Keeper having permission in this Depot must post in Castle Garden and in his house, in a conspicuous place, where the same may be seen at all times by emigrants, a card containing a list of prices for board and lodging by the day and week, and for single meals and night’s lodging, and setting forth whether such prices are in gold or paper money. Prices charged to emigrants must conform with the prices set forth on said lists, and on the card handed to the emigrant, as required in Rule 13.

16. Boarding-house Keepers must behave in an orderly manner while in the Depot, and remain seated in the place assigned them until admitted on the floor.

III.—Missionaries.

And Representatives of Religious Bodies and Societies, admitted to the Landing Depot, are to observe the following Rules :

17. They may distribute religious books and papers among the emigrants, and give them all necessary advice of a spiritual nature ; and shall report to the officers of the Commissioners of Emigration any wants of emigrants other than of a religious nature, coming under their notice ; and shall not interfere in the secular requirements of the emigrants, or the secular matters of the Department, but shall direct all such emigrants to the proper officers of the Commissioners of Emigration.

18. They may visit any sick emigrants in the Hospital as often as their presence is required by such emigrant, and when called by the nurse or other officer of this Department.

IV.—General rules.

For the Government of the Landing Depot :

19. The business of the Depot will commence at 7 o’clock a.m. from May 1 to Nov. 1, and at 8 o’clock a.m. from Nov. 1 to May 1 ; and the clerks of the Letter Department shall also be present at all times, after the landing and registering of passengers, to write to friends of emigrants desiring to acquaint them of their arrival, and request funds for their inland journey, or for any purpose.

20. No person shall be admitted within the enclosure except the officers and employees of this Department and the officers and employees of the Railroad Agency, except on permission of the Superintendent.

21. No person shall be employed by any party occupying an office within the enclosure as clerk, ticket-seller, interpreter, or in any other capacity, unless first approved by the Castle Garden Committee ; and no employee or other person having privilege in this Depot shall, under any pretence whatever, receive from emigrants or others any recompense for any service rendered.

22. Every employee of this Department will be furnished with a badge setting forth his position, which he shall wear and exhibit while on duty.

V.—Rules and regulations.

For the Government of the Information Office, for Friends of arriving Emigrants.

23. This office will be open for business from May 1 to November 1 at 7 o’clock a.m., and from November 1 to May 1 at 8 o’clock a.m., and remain open as long as the Superintendent may direct. All persons having relations or friends whom they wish to receive, are requested to report to the clerk the names of the passengers expected by them, and the vessel on which they arrived, with their own names and residences. They will then remain seated until such passengers are brought, and on receiving them they are requested to leave the premises, so as to avoid obstructing the business.

24. Emigrants wishing to have their baggage transported by the Express Company at the Depot (referred to Rule 9) are requested to leave the proper directions at the Express Office before leaving the premises. Those desiring to take away their baggage can receive it on the day after landing, and are requested to apply for it themselves, for the purpose of identifying their property.

25. All services rendered by the officers and employees are without charge or expense to emigrants or their friends, or to any person having business with the office.

VI.—Rules and regulations.

For the Government of the Labor Exchange and Intelligence Office.

26. This office will be open for business from May 1 to November 1 at 7 o’clock a.m., and from November 1 to May 1 at 8 o’clock a.m., and remain open as long as the Superintendent may direct ; and shall be free for the use of employers and of emigrants seeking employment.

27. Emigrants and their employers are requested, after making their contracts and before leaving the office, to leave on record in the Office Register the particulars of such contract, the emigrant’s name, age, and date of arrival, and the employer’s name and residence.

VII.—Railroad Department.

28. It shall be the duty of the clerks and employees of the Railroad Agency to be at their respective stations on the landing of passengers, and so long thereafter as their services may be required, to attend to the wants of emigrants desiring to leave the city by any of the routes for which tickets are sold in the Depot ; and in every way to conform to all rules regarding them heretofore or hereafter adopted.

29. It shall further be the duty of the clerks and employees of the Railroad Agency to refer all emigrants desiring information other tban regarding the purchase of tickets to the proper officers of the Commissioners of Emigration.

30. The Railroad Agency and its officers are permitted to accept in payment for Railroad tickets and for overweight of luggage gold and silver, allowing for such gold and silver in current funds within one per cent, of the market rate, and furnishing to the emigrant a printed slip, setting forth the number and denomination of the coins purchased, the respective rates paid therefor, and whole amount paid.

31. The Railroad Agency will be required to report monthly to the Castle Garden Committee the number of emigrants transported each month over the several Railroads represented by said Agency and their connecting lines to the chief points to which emigrants go, together with the routes by which such emigrants are sent.

32. No person shall be employed by the Railroad Agency in any capacity whatever, except by and with the consent and approval of the Castle Garden Committee.

VIII.—Exchange brokers.

33. Every Exchange Broker admitted to this Depot shall be required to be at his desk while emigrants are landing, in order to attend to the wants of such emigrants as wish to have money exchanged.

34. They shall post in a conspicuous place every day the current market rates of gold and silver, and the prices paid by them for gold and silver of every denomination, domestic and foreign, and shall pay in current funds for all gold and silver bought by them from the emigrants within one per cent. of the current market rates of such gold and silver.

35. They shall furnish to every emigrant, from whom they purchase gold or silver, a printed slip setting forth the name of the broker and the number and denominations of the coins purchased, the respective rates paid therefor, and the whole amount paid.

IX.—Restaurant and bread-stands.

36. The Keepers of the Restaurant for the use of emigrants within the Depot shall be required to open the same at 6 a.m. in the summer and 7 a.m. in the winter, and to keep open as long as the emigrants require their services ; and shall expose in a conspicuous place a list of prices charged by them for all articles supplied, which list of prices must be submitted to the Castle Garden Committee for examination and approval monthly.

X.—Wash-rooms.

37. The Wash-rooms shall be open from 6 a.m. to such an hour in the night as emigrants need their use.

XI.—Hospitals.

38. The Hospital Rooms are for the use of the sick alone.

39. When any emigrant becomes sick in or is brought sick to the Depot during the night, it shall be the duty of the Night Watchman to have such patient transferred to the Hospital and put in charge of the nurse, and to procure the attendance of the Medical Officer of the establishment without delay.

N. B.—It is earnestly requested that immediate complaint be made to the General Agent and Superintendent of any violation of these Rules.

Adopted by the Board of Commissioners of Emigration of the State of New York.

Emigrant Landing Depot, Castle Garden,
New York, May 18, 1867.

Source: Excerpted from Kapp (1870, 211–215); spacing of punctuation and inconsistent centering in the original.

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Reference list

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